Work and Play

Description

Notes on Rudolf Allers and
his Thought
by
alexander batthyany & jorge olaechea
1. from the early years until the first world war
Rudolf Allers was born in Vienna on January 13, 1883, of Jewish
extraction, the son of a doctor, Mark Allers, and his wife, Augusta
Grailich. He was baptized that same year in Vienna’s Votivkirche. The
young Allers received his primary education at home, and although he
received instruction in Catholicism, he would later recognize that he
did not develop a real faith from family (Hoehn, 1948). He instead
cultivated a great interest for art, music, languages – at Aller’s home
German, English, and French were all spoken – and books.
After finishing his studies in a secondary school focused on humanities,
in 1902, Allers began to study medicine, convinced “that medical
science could represent for his spirit a wide path into the world of the
human being, a precious key that would be able to open up the mysteries
of human life introducing him into the sacred depths of the soul”
(Titone, 1957, p. 21). Although it was possible to attend Sigmund
Freud’s lectures at the University of Vienna, psychoanalysis did not
interest him until 1908, the year that he was named assistant to the
Neural and Mental Illness Clinic of the German University in Prague
(under the guidance of Arnold Pick). There he met Dr. Otto Pötzl,
who introduced Allers to psychoanalytic thought, of which he would
afterwards become an “enthusiastic follower” (Allers, 1922, p. 15). In
1909 he became a psychiatrist and was transferred to the Psychiatric
Clinic of Munich. There he worked as an assistant to Emil Kraepelin,
one of the founders of modern psychiatry.
A year prior to his transfer, in 1908, he married Carola Meitner, of
a Jewish family, who was the sister of the noted scientist Lise Meitner.
During his time in Munich Allers came into contact with the phenomenological
circle of philosophers living there, especially with Max
Scheler and his anthropological theories, and so distanced himself at
the same time from the ideas of psychoanalysis.
In 1913 Allers started the work that he would come to love most:
teaching at the university, as a psychiatry instructor in the Medical
School of the University of Munich. The First World War, however,
interrupted his teaching and he was put to work as a surgeon at the
front, which earned him distinction from the Red Cross. Allers produced
his first book during this period, entitled Über Schädelschüsse:
Probleme der Klinik und der Fürsorge (1916). In it Allers compiled his
research of physical and psychological traumas suffered by soldiers
afflicted by gunshot wounds during the war. The endeavour to find
links between physiological and psychological problems is already visible
in his early work. The time that he dedicated to his philosophical
writings would be no less important, as he recalls: “During the war
(1914-1918); and the long periods of relative inertia in the field hospital,
I was persuaded that the Thomistic philosophy offered the most
adequate basis for the development of an “anthropological philosophical”
system as the foundation of a theory of the normal and abnormal
psyche” (Titone, 1957, p. 27).
2. in vienna from 1918-1938
With the peace of 1918 “Allers served in the Medical School of the
University of Vienna, working first in the department of sense physiology
and medical psychology and then (from 1927) in that of psychiatry.
He was able to blend teaching with laboratory research and
a private practice. It was always against his complex background of
teaching-research-therapy that he viewed the several schools of psychiatry
which acknowledged Vienna as their radiating center. He became
increasingly aware that psychiatric interpretations and methods
were raising very general questions about man, and that the positions
to which they led were laden with philosophical and religious implications”
(Collins, 1964, pp. 282-283).
The first subject that he examined in depth was psychoanalysis.
On April 26, 1920, Rudolf Allers gave his noted report Über Psychoanalyse
before the Applied Psychopathological and Psychological
Association of Vienna. In attendance were such notables as Schilder,
Pötzl, Neumann, Pappenheim, Roffenstein, Federn, Hitschmann, and
Stransky, who were among the great thinkers of psychology and psychiatry
at that time. His criticisms of psychoanalysis were deepened.......

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